1 00:00:08,799 --> 00:00:06,549 hello again everyone this is the mission 2 00:00:11,890 --> 00:00:08,809 science briefing for the orbiting carbon 3 00:00:14,110 --> 00:00:11,900 observatory too and here to talk about 4 00:00:18,700 --> 00:00:14,120 the science and the mission that's 5 00:00:26,020 --> 00:00:18,710 upcoming is ken jux the oco-2 program 6 00:00:29,260 --> 00:00:26,030 scientists from NASA headquarters David 7 00:00:34,290 --> 00:00:29,270 crisp the oco-2 science team leader from 8 00:00:37,660 --> 00:00:34,300 the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and 9 00:00:41,140 --> 00:00:37,670 Annemarie l during the OCIO to deputy 10 00:00:43,870 --> 00:00:41,150 project scientist from JPL so we'll 11 00:00:45,610 --> 00:00:43,880 begin first with Ken jux the oco-2 12 00:00:48,790 --> 00:00:45,620 program side us from NASA headquarters 13 00:00:50,260 --> 00:00:48,800 Kent thanks George so Dave Emory and I 14 00:00:52,300 --> 00:00:50,270 have the privilege to talk to you all 15 00:00:53,410 --> 00:00:52,310 about the scientific reasons why NASA is 16 00:00:56,380 --> 00:00:53,420 launching the orbiting carbon 17 00:00:58,690 --> 00:00:56,390 Observatory to most of you know about 18 00:01:00,069 --> 00:00:58,700 NASA in our human spaceflight program 19 00:01:01,810 --> 00:01:00,079 because that gets a lot of press but 20 00:01:03,490 --> 00:01:01,820 nASA has a strong and vibrant science 21 00:01:05,349 --> 00:01:03,500 program and in particular we have a 22 00:01:07,840 --> 00:01:05,359 strong earth science program and oco-2 23 00:01:10,569 --> 00:01:07,850 is the next important piece in your 24 00:01:13,239 --> 00:01:10,579 science program so nASA has been doing 25 00:01:14,770 --> 00:01:13,249 our science observations for about 40 26 00:01:16,330 --> 00:01:14,780 years now back in the early days of 27 00:01:17,980 --> 00:01:16,340 NASA's history and a lot of these early 28 00:01:20,199 --> 00:01:17,990 observations are trying to understand 29 00:01:22,959 --> 00:01:20,209 the Earth's atmosphere weather systems 30 00:01:25,239 --> 00:01:22,969 climate typed observations and nowadays 31 00:01:27,609 --> 00:01:25,249 nASA has expanded that program to do a 32 00:01:29,709 --> 00:01:27,619 lot more thing so we have a much more 33 00:01:32,080 --> 00:01:29,719 expansive a satellite program now we 34 00:01:34,120 --> 00:01:32,090 have a very expansive suborbital program 35 00:01:35,620 --> 00:01:34,130 in particular we use a lot of specially 36 00:01:37,660 --> 00:01:35,630 adapted airplanes to do scientific 37 00:01:39,429 --> 00:01:37,670 research we do observations from the 38 00:01:41,559 --> 00:01:39,439 ground and we have a very strong 39 00:01:43,330 --> 00:01:41,569 research program it's designed to take 40 00:01:45,580 --> 00:01:43,340 advantage of all of these observations 41 00:01:47,949 --> 00:01:45,590 to better understand your science system 42 00:01:50,379 --> 00:01:47,959 so what are the earliest success stories 43 00:01:51,819 --> 00:01:50,389 that we had at NASA in particular for 44 00:01:54,580 --> 00:01:51,829 earth science was to understand the 45 00:01:57,190 --> 00:01:54,590 ozone hole NASA had observations up to 46 00:02:00,099 --> 00:01:57,200 observe ozone for a very long time and 47 00:02:01,449 --> 00:02:00,109 when the ozone hole first started they 48 00:02:03,370 --> 00:02:01,459 sort of observed both from the ground 49 00:02:05,709 --> 00:02:03,380 and from a satellite NASA head up called 50 00:02:07,359 --> 00:02:05,719 Tom's which showed what the ozone hole 51 00:02:08,800 --> 00:02:07,369 was and it gave us an idea that 52 00:02:10,929 --> 00:02:08,810 something important was happening but we 53 00:02:13,900 --> 00:02:10,939 didn't know how to address it completely 54 00:02:15,370 --> 00:02:13,910 so NASA organized quickly some field ops 55 00:02:17,860 --> 00:02:15,380 both from the ground and from some of 56 00:02:20,440 --> 00:02:17,870 our specially adapted aircraft to go and 57 00:02:22,270 --> 00:02:20,450 look at the ozone hole self to try to 58 00:02:25,810 --> 00:02:22,280 figure that out and when you combine the 59 00:02:28,090 --> 00:02:25,820 satellite data these aircraft data and a 60 00:02:29,530 --> 00:02:28,100 research program scientists around the 61 00:02:31,540 --> 00:02:29,540 world are able to fully understand what 62 00:02:33,250 --> 00:02:31,550 was going on and that led to some very 63 00:02:34,930 --> 00:02:33,260 important international agreements that 64 00:02:36,520 --> 00:02:34,940 led to the Montreal Protocol so it's 65 00:02:40,080 --> 00:02:36,530 just one example of the type of stuff 66 00:02:42,820 --> 00:02:40,090 that we do in NASA's or science program 67 00:02:45,130 --> 00:02:42,830 so in order to really understand your 68 00:02:47,050 --> 00:02:45,140 system you need a lot of data because 69 00:02:49,600 --> 00:02:47,060 it's a very complicated and integrated 70 00:02:51,970 --> 00:02:49,610 system so the first graphic will 71 00:02:53,560 --> 00:02:51,980 demonstrate that how it works so the air 72 00:02:55,450 --> 00:02:53,570 so this kind of shows a lot of the 73 00:02:57,370 --> 00:02:55,460 pieces and all these pieces interact 74 00:02:59,320 --> 00:02:57,380 with another so we have the Sun which 75 00:03:01,300 --> 00:02:59,330 helps to drive the heating of the earth 76 00:03:03,070 --> 00:03:01,310 we have the atmosphere which is an 77 00:03:05,260 --> 00:03:03,080 important part of integrating the Sun to 78 00:03:08,290 --> 00:03:05,270 input we've got the surface which has 79 00:03:09,910 --> 00:03:08,300 oceans it has trees we have agriculture 80 00:03:12,160 --> 00:03:09,920 all of these things interact with the 81 00:03:14,230 --> 00:03:12,170 atmosphere and with each other and of 82 00:03:15,670 --> 00:03:14,240 course the ocean which collects a lot of 83 00:03:18,400 --> 00:03:15,680 the heat eventually it comes from the 84 00:03:19,750 --> 00:03:18,410 Sun and then probably one of the more 85 00:03:21,610 --> 00:03:19,760 important things especially in very 86 00:03:23,860 --> 00:03:21,620 recent history our humans were a 87 00:03:26,350 --> 00:03:23,870 critical part now of the Earth's climate 88 00:03:28,480 --> 00:03:26,360 system and in order to understand all of 89 00:03:31,060 --> 00:03:28,490 these things we need data that look at 90 00:03:33,520 --> 00:03:31,070 all of these pieces of the picture so 91 00:03:35,560 --> 00:03:33,530 how does NASA do it one of the most 92 00:03:38,800 --> 00:03:35,570 critical ways that we do that is with 93 00:03:40,090 --> 00:03:38,810 our satellite system Betsy showed you a 94 00:03:42,070 --> 00:03:40,100 slide earlier and I have a different 95 00:03:44,229 --> 00:03:42,080 animation I want to show up to show a 96 00:03:46,300 --> 00:03:44,239 lot of these are satellites that we have 97 00:03:48,490 --> 00:03:46,310 orbiting up right now so if you look at 98 00:03:50,380 --> 00:03:48,500 this graphic you see a lot of satellites 99 00:03:52,030 --> 00:03:50,390 and they're all in orbits specifically 100 00:03:55,060 --> 00:03:52,040 designed to maximize the science of 101 00:03:56,500 --> 00:03:55,070 these particular armed satellites and if 102 00:03:59,860 --> 00:03:56,510 you look closely you see a whole bunch 103 00:04:01,090 --> 00:03:59,870 of them that are in nearly is so morbid 104 00:04:03,370 --> 00:04:01,100 if you look on the right side right now 105 00:04:04,960 --> 00:04:03,380 they're all in nearly the same orbit and 106 00:04:07,690 --> 00:04:04,970 that's this constellation to heard 107 00:04:10,150 --> 00:04:07,700 earlier from Ralph called the a train 108 00:04:11,920 --> 00:04:10,160 and I could go in to tell you what all 109 00:04:14,020 --> 00:04:11,930 of these satellites do there's a lot of 110 00:04:15,699 --> 00:04:14,030 observations y'all get very critical 111 00:04:17,380 --> 00:04:15,709 pieces of information but we don't have 112 00:04:19,510 --> 00:04:17,390 all day so I'm not going to do that but 113 00:04:22,090 --> 00:04:19,520 I will touch into a few important things 114 00:04:25,300 --> 00:04:22,100 about how we do that so if you bring up 115 00:04:27,250 --> 00:04:25,310 the next still which you saw earlier 116 00:04:29,050 --> 00:04:27,260 from Ralph in the a train 117 00:04:31,030 --> 00:04:29,060 co2 is going to be on the front edge of 118 00:04:33,190 --> 00:04:31,040 the a train but all of these 119 00:04:34,780 --> 00:04:33,200 observations that you see flying with 0 120 00:04:37,240 --> 00:04:34,790 co2 are going to be very important for 121 00:04:38,350 --> 00:04:37,250 understanding o co 2 and 0 co tuesday 122 00:04:39,520 --> 00:04:38,360 they are going to be very important for 123 00:04:41,440 --> 00:04:39,530 understanding a lot of these other 124 00:04:43,330 --> 00:04:41,450 satellites in particularly if you look 125 00:04:45,970 --> 00:04:43,340 at the Aqua satellite which is to back 126 00:04:48,400 --> 00:04:45,980 it gets some very important observations 127 00:04:50,460 --> 00:04:48,410 about whether about what's going on in 128 00:04:52,870 --> 00:04:50,470 the surface with trees with the 129 00:04:55,090 --> 00:04:52,880 terrestrial biosphere and with oceans 130 00:04:57,730 --> 00:04:55,100 and combining those data with those co2 131 00:04:59,470 --> 00:04:57,740 data can be very important those two 132 00:05:01,960 --> 00:04:59,480 satellite to see right after cloud set 133 00:05:03,730 --> 00:05:01,970 and Calypso they actually have active 134 00:05:05,530 --> 00:05:03,740 light sources on there and what they 135 00:05:07,380 --> 00:05:05,540 tell us about is what's going on with 136 00:05:09,670 --> 00:05:07,390 clouds and with aerosols in the system 137 00:05:11,860 --> 00:05:09,680 understanding the oco-2 data to the 138 00:05:13,780 --> 00:05:11,870 precision that we need having those data 139 00:05:15,760 --> 00:05:13,790 with it it's going to be very important 140 00:05:17,560 --> 00:05:15,770 and the last side light you see there 141 00:05:19,300 --> 00:05:17,570 the aura satellite which I also have the 142 00:05:21,310 --> 00:05:19,310 honor of being the program scientist for 143 00:05:23,350 --> 00:05:21,320 some of its observation sells a lot 144 00:05:25,660 --> 00:05:23,360 about air quality in the lowest part of 145 00:05:26,920 --> 00:05:25,670 the atmosphere and a lot of what affects 146 00:05:28,810 --> 00:05:26,930 air quality in the lowest part of the 147 00:05:30,700 --> 00:05:28,820 atmosphere is combustion processes the 148 00:05:32,770 --> 00:05:30,710 same processes that lead to humans 149 00:05:34,210 --> 00:05:32,780 addition of co2 in the atmosphere so 150 00:05:35,770 --> 00:05:34,220 scientists are going to be combining 151 00:05:38,590 --> 00:05:35,780 those types of data as well to try to 152 00:05:40,450 --> 00:05:38,600 understand in advance our science but 153 00:05:41,650 --> 00:05:40,460 one of the more critical parts of the 154 00:05:44,140 --> 00:05:41,660 science system that we really want 155 00:05:46,030 --> 00:05:44,150 understanding as a carbon cycle and to 156 00:05:47,440 --> 00:05:46,040 do that my colleague Dave is going to 157 00:05:49,660 --> 00:05:47,450 come up to your necks and tell you about 158 00:05:51,130 --> 00:05:49,670 how ocio tues data are really going to 159 00:05:53,620 --> 00:05:51,140 help us dancer questions about the 160 00:05:56,620 --> 00:05:53,630 carbon cycle so George thanks Ken and 161 00:05:58,090 --> 00:05:56,630 now to David crisp the oco-2 science 162 00:06:00,520 --> 00:05:58,100 team leader from Jet Propulsion 163 00:06:01,630 --> 00:06:00,530 Laboratory David thank you much Trojan 164 00:06:03,940 --> 00:06:01,640 thank you much again for that excellent 165 00:06:05,530 --> 00:06:03,950 introduction to understand the 166 00:06:07,510 --> 00:06:05,540 importance of the carbon cycle and the 167 00:06:10,180 --> 00:06:07,520 importance of the measurements that Oh 168 00:06:11,920 --> 00:06:10,190 co2 will be making in the next few 169 00:06:14,020 --> 00:06:11,930 months I'm going to have to bring you 170 00:06:16,090 --> 00:06:14,030 back to grade school where your teacher 171 00:06:18,010 --> 00:06:16,100 explained to you that plants all the 172 00:06:20,890 --> 00:06:18,020 green plants on earth absorbs sunlight 173 00:06:22,960 --> 00:06:20,900 and carbon dioxide from the air to form 174 00:06:27,070 --> 00:06:22,970 all of their leaves and their stems and 175 00:06:28,240 --> 00:06:27,080 their roots and during the spring in the 176 00:06:30,100 --> 00:06:28,250 summer when they're growing really fast 177 00:06:32,500 --> 00:06:30,110 if we bring up the first graph the first 178 00:06:35,290 --> 00:06:32,510 video you'll see that they actually make 179 00:06:36,700 --> 00:06:35,300 changes that are quite dramatic so once 180 00:06:39,040 --> 00:06:36,710 again the trees absorb carbon dioxide 181 00:06:41,050 --> 00:06:39,050 and sunlight and the graph they're 182 00:06:42,970 --> 00:06:41,060 showing it shows actually the 183 00:06:45,280 --> 00:06:42,980 that they also change the amount of 184 00:06:46,960 --> 00:06:45,290 carbon dioxide in the atmosphere when 185 00:06:48,850 --> 00:06:46,970 they're growing quickly they take so 186 00:06:50,640 --> 00:06:48,860 much carbon dioxide out that we can 187 00:06:53,140 --> 00:06:50,650 actually measure it from ground-based 188 00:06:55,150 --> 00:06:53,150 stations here on earth we now have about 189 00:06:57,280 --> 00:06:55,160 150 stations that are measuring carbon 190 00:06:59,200 --> 00:06:57,290 dioxide very very precisely from the 191 00:07:02,920 --> 00:06:59,210 surface of the earth and what we see is 192 00:07:04,510 --> 00:07:02,930 during the spring in the summer we 193 00:07:07,540 --> 00:07:04,520 actually see the carbon dioxide 194 00:07:10,120 --> 00:07:07,550 abundance of the atmosphere decrease by 195 00:07:11,680 --> 00:07:10,130 a couple of percent in these 196 00:07:13,690 --> 00:07:11,690 measurements seen here from maan Aloha 197 00:07:15,370 --> 00:07:13,700 Hawaii during the fall in the winter 198 00:07:17,110 --> 00:07:15,380 when the trees lose their leaves and 199 00:07:19,870 --> 00:07:17,120 they decay they release most of that 200 00:07:22,390 --> 00:07:19,880 carbon dioxide back to the system now 201 00:07:24,340 --> 00:07:22,400 this cycle that goes on every year has 202 00:07:26,950 --> 00:07:24,350 been going on for thousands to millions 203 00:07:29,050 --> 00:07:26,960 of years now you might also notice 204 00:07:30,940 --> 00:07:29,060 though that in addition to the 205 00:07:33,310 --> 00:07:30,950 up-and-down motion that we see as the 206 00:07:35,409 --> 00:07:33,320 trees breathe in carbon dioxide and 207 00:07:37,270 --> 00:07:35,419 re-release it to the air you see that 208 00:07:41,379 --> 00:07:37,280 the curve is going up a little bit into 209 00:07:43,480 --> 00:07:41,389 the right well that's us human beings as 210 00:07:46,840 --> 00:07:43,490 Ken mentioned are now a major component 211 00:07:48,930 --> 00:07:46,850 of our environment and our all of these 212 00:07:51,219 --> 00:07:48,940 cycles including the global carbon cycle 213 00:07:53,230 --> 00:07:51,229 scientists measure carbon dioxide in 214 00:07:56,230 --> 00:07:53,240 units of parts per million and what that 215 00:07:59,860 --> 00:07:56,240 really just means is that as you as you 216 00:08:02,620 --> 00:07:59,870 see here and the 390 indicates that 217 00:08:05,080 --> 00:08:02,630 about 390 molecules out of every million 218 00:08:07,600 --> 00:08:05,090 molecules of air are actually carbon 219 00:08:10,779 --> 00:08:07,610 dioxide molecules so we refer to that as 220 00:08:13,779 --> 00:08:10,789 a 390 part per million carbon dioxide 221 00:08:16,090 --> 00:08:13,789 ratio this year earlier earlier this 222 00:08:18,969 --> 00:08:16,100 year the amount of carbon dioxide in our 223 00:08:21,610 --> 00:08:18,979 atmosphere actually hit about 400 parts 224 00:08:24,730 --> 00:08:21,620 per million for the second time it 225 00:08:26,590 --> 00:08:24,740 turned out in in the last hundred 226 00:08:28,900 --> 00:08:26,600 thousand years or i should say eight 227 00:08:30,610 --> 00:08:28,910 hundred thousand years or longer it's 228 00:08:32,440 --> 00:08:30,620 been this is the highest level we've 229 00:08:34,719 --> 00:08:32,450 seen carbon dioxide in our atmosphere in 230 00:08:36,699 --> 00:08:34,729 a very very long time and once i once 231 00:08:38,800 --> 00:08:36,709 again largely because of our 232 00:08:40,600 --> 00:08:38,810 contributions to the system now to 233 00:08:42,399 --> 00:08:40,610 understand that system a little bit more 234 00:08:43,990 --> 00:08:42,409 and understand the carbon cycle and the 235 00:08:45,790 --> 00:08:44,000 kinds of measurements and the value of 236 00:08:47,290 --> 00:08:45,800 the measurements that o co will be 237 00:08:48,790 --> 00:08:47,300 making let's introduce some of the 238 00:08:50,770 --> 00:08:48,800 characters in the carbon cycle you've 239 00:08:53,530 --> 00:08:50,780 already seen the land plants so if we 240 00:08:55,030 --> 00:08:53,540 bring up the next graphic the main 241 00:08:58,269 --> 00:08:55,040 players in this system 242 00:09:00,670 --> 00:08:58,279 include the plants on land the next of 243 00:09:02,379 --> 00:09:00,680 course are the ocean the ocean actually 244 00:09:05,590 --> 00:09:02,389 plays a major role in the carbon cycle 245 00:09:07,210 --> 00:09:05,600 taking up carbon dioxide in parts of the 246 00:09:08,769 --> 00:09:07,220 atmosphere are in parts of the world 247 00:09:10,569 --> 00:09:08,779 where it's usually colder and then 248 00:09:12,939 --> 00:09:10,579 releasing it in places where there's 249 00:09:14,530 --> 00:09:12,949 upwelling and it's warmer then finally 250 00:09:16,540 --> 00:09:14,540 the atmosphere which is the exchange 251 00:09:20,499 --> 00:09:16,550 media where they exchange carbon dioxide 252 00:09:22,689 --> 00:09:20,509 the Earth's plants emit about 440 253 00:09:24,610 --> 00:09:22,699 billion tons of carbon dioxide to the 254 00:09:26,949 --> 00:09:24,620 air every year and then reabsorb a 255 00:09:29,829 --> 00:09:26,959 little bit more than that the ocean also 256 00:09:32,139 --> 00:09:29,839 is a major player emitting about 330 257 00:09:34,240 --> 00:09:32,149 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the 258 00:09:36,730 --> 00:09:34,250 atmosphere every year and reabsorbing a 259 00:09:38,980 --> 00:09:36,740 comparable amount the new players on the 260 00:09:40,660 --> 00:09:38,990 block r us since the beginning of the 261 00:09:44,530 --> 00:09:40,670 Industrial Age we've been burning fossil 262 00:09:46,150 --> 00:09:44,540 fuels also practicing deforestation and 263 00:09:47,829 --> 00:09:46,160 other things that have been emitting 264 00:09:50,139 --> 00:09:47,839 carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and 265 00:09:53,319 --> 00:09:50,149 an ever growing rate human beings are 266 00:09:55,720 --> 00:09:53,329 now emitting about 40 billion tons of 267 00:09:58,360 --> 00:09:55,730 carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every 268 00:10:01,210 --> 00:09:58,370 year that's about five and a half tons 269 00:10:03,759 --> 00:10:01,220 for every man woman and child on the 270 00:10:06,189 --> 00:10:03,769 earth and that that as you can see from 271 00:10:09,100 --> 00:10:06,199 the graphic here that input into the 272 00:10:11,620 --> 00:10:09,110 atmosphere isn't balanced by an uptake 273 00:10:13,269 --> 00:10:11,630 like the oceans and the atmosphere so 274 00:10:14,740 --> 00:10:13,279 we're basically building up the carbon 275 00:10:18,639 --> 00:10:14,750 dioxide in the atmosphere of the earth 276 00:10:21,519 --> 00:10:18,649 slowly but at a ever ever increasing 277 00:10:23,530 --> 00:10:21,529 rate so now but that's just part of the 278 00:10:24,579 --> 00:10:23,540 story the other part of the story in the 279 00:10:26,980 --> 00:10:24,589 real mystery is shown in the next 280 00:10:29,110 --> 00:10:26,990 graphic we've been slowly but surely 281 00:10:31,689 --> 00:10:29,120 increasing the inputs of carbon dioxide 282 00:10:33,340 --> 00:10:31,699 by burning fossil fuels over time and 283 00:10:35,920 --> 00:10:33,350 this is a graph that shows that a number 284 00:10:37,990 --> 00:10:35,930 of tons of carbon dioxide we've added to 285 00:10:40,240 --> 00:10:38,000 the atmosphere since about nineteen 286 00:10:41,590 --> 00:10:40,250 sixty that's total emissions shown there 287 00:10:43,030 --> 00:10:41,600 and you see it going it's going up to 288 00:10:45,429 --> 00:10:43,040 the right we are now admitting about 289 00:10:47,319 --> 00:10:45,439 forty billion tons of carbon dioxide but 290 00:10:49,150 --> 00:10:47,329 that's only half the story because it 291 00:10:51,249 --> 00:10:49,160 turns out that not all of that carbon 292 00:10:53,410 --> 00:10:51,259 dioxide is staying in the atmosphere 293 00:10:55,329 --> 00:10:53,420 only about half of it is staying in the 294 00:10:57,189 --> 00:10:55,339 atmosphere over time the blue curve 295 00:10:59,199 --> 00:10:57,199 shows the amount of accumulation of 296 00:11:01,720 --> 00:10:59,209 carbon dioxide in the atmosphere every 297 00:11:03,699 --> 00:11:01,730 year and it's only at about half the 298 00:11:05,620 --> 00:11:03,709 level we're putting it in half of the 299 00:11:07,720 --> 00:11:05,630 carbon dioxide we're dumping into the 300 00:11:08,650 --> 00:11:07,730 atmosphere every year is disappearing 301 00:11:10,990 --> 00:11:08,660 somewhere 302 00:11:13,660 --> 00:11:11,000 it's being it's dissolving in the ocean 303 00:11:15,249 --> 00:11:13,670 waters about a quarter of it is we know 304 00:11:17,079 --> 00:11:15,259 that from our measurements and the other 305 00:11:19,090 --> 00:11:17,089 quarter we assume is going somewhere 306 00:11:21,939 --> 00:11:19,100 into the land biosphere somewhere into 307 00:11:24,460 --> 00:11:21,949 forests into trees into grasslands 308 00:11:26,740 --> 00:11:24,470 somewhere but we don't know where have 309 00:11:29,199 --> 00:11:26,750 you seen a new rain forest spring into 310 00:11:32,499 --> 00:11:29,209 existence over the last say 40 years or 311 00:11:34,210 --> 00:11:32,509 so neither of we we're looking for those 312 00:11:36,129 --> 00:11:34,220 kinds of processes because we know that 313 00:11:37,990 --> 00:11:36,139 that's what's going on that's absorbing 314 00:11:40,389 --> 00:11:38,000 this carbon dioxide it is absolutely 315 00:11:42,160 --> 00:11:40,399 critical that we learn what processes 316 00:11:44,379 --> 00:11:42,170 are absorbing carbon dioxide in our 317 00:11:46,420 --> 00:11:44,389 system today over half of the carbon 318 00:11:49,059 --> 00:11:46,430 dioxide were emitting because we need to 319 00:11:51,579 --> 00:11:49,069 understand first of all how much longer 320 00:11:53,949 --> 00:11:51,589 they might continue to do us that great 321 00:11:55,420 --> 00:11:53,959 favor the other thing though is you 322 00:11:58,449 --> 00:11:55,430 might have noticed in that previous 323 00:11:59,860 --> 00:11:58,459 curve is that the while the our inputs 324 00:12:02,079 --> 00:11:59,870 have been growing slowly and steadily 325 00:12:04,119 --> 00:12:02,089 over time the amount that stays in the 326 00:12:05,980 --> 00:12:04,129 atmosphere varies dramatically from year 327 00:12:08,199 --> 00:12:05,990 to year sometimes almost a hundred 328 00:12:09,519 --> 00:12:08,209 percent of the carbon dioxide we put 329 00:12:13,170 --> 00:12:09,529 into the atmosphere stays there 330 00:12:16,210 --> 00:12:13,180 sometimes almost none we don't know why 331 00:12:18,939 --> 00:12:16,220 we need to understand those processes as 332 00:12:20,740 --> 00:12:18,949 well in order to understand how carbon 333 00:12:22,960 --> 00:12:20,750 dioxide will build up in our system in 334 00:12:25,329 --> 00:12:22,970 the future and how we might manage 335 00:12:27,850 --> 00:12:25,339 carbon dioxide buildup if that's what 336 00:12:30,100 --> 00:12:27,860 our policymakers decides decide to do 337 00:12:31,900 --> 00:12:30,110 but we need to understand that and to 338 00:12:33,670 --> 00:12:31,910 understand that we can't do it with just 339 00:12:35,439 --> 00:12:33,680 a hundred and fifty stations making 340 00:12:37,329 --> 00:12:35,449 precise measurements on the surface of 341 00:12:39,340 --> 00:12:37,339 the earth we now have a satellite that 342 00:12:41,199 --> 00:12:39,350 you heard about earlier the Japanese 343 00:12:42,939 --> 00:12:41,209 greenhouse gases observing satellite 344 00:12:45,910 --> 00:12:42,949 that has been making measurements for 345 00:12:47,410 --> 00:12:45,920 about five years it makes another 350 to 346 00:12:50,319 --> 00:12:47,420 a thousand measurements over the earth 347 00:12:52,569 --> 00:12:50,329 every day that still isn't enough to 348 00:12:55,389 --> 00:12:52,579 find the sources emitting carbon dioxide 349 00:12:57,429 --> 00:12:55,399 into the air and the natural processes 350 00:12:59,139 --> 00:12:57,439 that are absorbing carbon dioxide out of 351 00:13:02,170 --> 00:12:59,149 the atmosphere we need far more 352 00:13:03,819 --> 00:13:02,180 measurements so just like for weather 353 00:13:05,740 --> 00:13:03,829 satellites and weather measurements that 354 00:13:07,389 --> 00:13:05,750 we're making that have revolutionized 355 00:13:10,179 --> 00:13:07,399 our ability to predict the weather we 356 00:13:12,129 --> 00:13:10,189 need satellites in space to make very 357 00:13:14,230 --> 00:13:12,139 very much very much larger number of 358 00:13:16,509 --> 00:13:14,240 measurements at much higher resolution 359 00:13:18,600 --> 00:13:16,519 over the entire globe in order to 360 00:13:21,220 --> 00:13:18,610 actually start studying these problems 361 00:13:22,210 --> 00:13:21,230 the orbiting carbon Observatory two is 362 00:13:24,010 --> 00:13:22,220 the first 363 00:13:26,410 --> 00:13:24,020 light that NASA is built that can do 364 00:13:28,090 --> 00:13:26,420 this it will actually increase by 365 00:13:30,190 --> 00:13:28,100 something like an a factor of a hundred 366 00:13:32,530 --> 00:13:30,200 the number of measurements we make over 367 00:13:34,600 --> 00:13:32,540 the earth every day and so what I'll do 368 00:13:35,980 --> 00:13:34,610 is my colleague enri eldering we'll talk 369 00:13:37,510 --> 00:13:35,990 a little bit more about that later but 370 00:13:41,080 --> 00:13:37,520 George I want to give this back to you 371 00:13:43,450 --> 00:13:41,090 all right thank you David and Emory 372 00:13:47,380 --> 00:13:43,460 elder lling is our oco-2 deputy project 373 00:13:49,300 --> 00:13:47,390 scientist Emory George so dave told you 374 00:13:51,190 --> 00:13:49,310 a bit about the carbon cycle and the 375 00:13:54,310 --> 00:13:51,200 mysteries that we want to solve with 376 00:13:56,680 --> 00:13:54,320 oco-2 but how well do we have to measure 377 00:13:58,990 --> 00:13:56,690 carbon dioxide to answer these questions 378 00:14:00,700 --> 00:13:59,000 that he's posed well he mentioned that 379 00:14:03,610 --> 00:14:00,710 the concentrations have reached up to 380 00:14:05,530 --> 00:14:03,620 400 parts per million these days and if 381 00:14:07,060 --> 00:14:05,540 oh co 2 wants to understand where that 382 00:14:09,550 --> 00:14:07,070 carbon comes and goes we need to measure 383 00:14:13,030 --> 00:14:09,560 to one part per million so that's really 384 00:14:15,220 --> 00:14:13,040 a very small change in that 402 give you 385 00:14:18,010 --> 00:14:15,230 some sense of that we made a little jar 386 00:14:19,210 --> 00:14:18,020 of beans and these represent 400 parts 387 00:14:20,890 --> 00:14:19,220 per million if I look through the 388 00:14:22,900 --> 00:14:20,900 atmosphere these might be all the carbon 389 00:14:25,540 --> 00:14:22,910 dioxide I see when there's 400 parts per 390 00:14:27,880 --> 00:14:25,550 million so if I want to add one part per 391 00:14:29,770 --> 00:14:27,890 million I just add a few beans here and 392 00:14:31,630 --> 00:14:29,780 there we go the concentration just 393 00:14:33,880 --> 00:14:31,640 changed by one part per million that's 394 00:14:35,950 --> 00:14:33,890 what I have to see happen just those few 395 00:14:38,770 --> 00:14:35,960 little beings where am I here we go with 396 00:14:40,330 --> 00:14:38,780 oco-2 so a little a little more 397 00:14:42,460 --> 00:14:40,340 information about why one part per 398 00:14:45,550 --> 00:14:42,470 million is so important we made a movie 399 00:14:47,710 --> 00:14:45,560 that will show here of a carbon dioxide 400 00:14:49,770 --> 00:14:47,720 field that was generated by a model our 401 00:14:53,170 --> 00:14:49,780 colleague leslie odd at goddard space 402 00:14:55,810 --> 00:14:53,180 space science center made this movie of 403 00:14:57,970 --> 00:14:55,820 the total column of carbon dioxide this 404 00:15:00,190 --> 00:14:57,980 is the type of information oco-2 will 405 00:15:02,830 --> 00:15:00,200 collect and you can see the colors here 406 00:15:05,130 --> 00:15:02,840 range from deep blues which are 370 407 00:15:07,840 --> 00:15:05,140 parts per million to these Reds that are 408 00:15:09,880 --> 00:15:07,850 390 but if you look at some of the 409 00:15:12,340 --> 00:15:09,890 details the Northern Hemisphere's are a 410 00:15:13,870 --> 00:15:12,350 kind of a blue down to a moderate read 411 00:15:15,730 --> 00:15:13,880 in the more southern hemisphere that's 412 00:15:17,200 --> 00:15:15,740 only a 10 part per million difference 413 00:15:19,600 --> 00:15:17,210 between the northern parts of the globe 414 00:15:21,070 --> 00:15:19,610 and the southern and if I'm trying to 415 00:15:22,720 --> 00:15:21,080 answer the question of whether the 416 00:15:25,480 --> 00:15:22,730 Karnak sides being taken up by the 417 00:15:28,120 --> 00:15:25,490 northern hemisphere or the forest over 418 00:15:30,520 --> 00:15:28,130 Asia you can see those differences are 419 00:15:32,320 --> 00:15:30,530 just small there may be one two or three 420 00:15:34,900 --> 00:15:32,330 parts per million of difference in the 421 00:15:35,980 --> 00:15:34,910 concentrations of carbon dioxide so Oh 422 00:15:37,930 --> 00:15:35,990 co2 is really 423 00:15:40,360 --> 00:15:37,940 required to have a high degree of 424 00:15:41,920 --> 00:15:40,370 sensitivity to make carbon dioxide 425 00:15:44,440 --> 00:15:41,930 measurements to see these differences 426 00:15:45,910 --> 00:15:44,450 across across the globe and you see the 427 00:15:48,070 --> 00:15:45,920 features Dave talked about how the 428 00:15:49,870 --> 00:15:48,080 northern hemisphere is very blue or low 429 00:15:52,210 --> 00:15:49,880 in concentration because the trees are 430 00:15:54,760 --> 00:15:52,220 growing and taking up the carbon dioxide 431 00:15:59,290 --> 00:15:54,770 there's areas of red where we're burning 432 00:16:01,329 --> 00:15:59,300 fossil biomass trees forest fires create 433 00:16:03,579 --> 00:16:01,339 these big carbon dioxide concentrations 434 00:16:07,420 --> 00:16:03,589 so that's what we expect to have to 435 00:16:09,760 --> 00:16:07,430 sense with the co-ceo to instrument so 436 00:16:11,139 --> 00:16:09,770 it's a challenging measurement and I 437 00:16:13,660 --> 00:16:11,149 want to tell you just a little bit more 438 00:16:15,490 --> 00:16:13,670 about how we do this so the oco-2 439 00:16:17,440 --> 00:16:15,500 instrument is actually looking at 440 00:16:19,120 --> 00:16:17,450 reflected sunlight we have a still 441 00:16:22,870 --> 00:16:19,130 graphic here just to illustrate the idea 442 00:16:25,360 --> 00:16:22,880 oh sorry that's not quite it but you can 443 00:16:27,100 --> 00:16:25,370 imagine the sun's shining reflecting off 444 00:16:28,660 --> 00:16:27,110 of the Earth's surface and then back up 445 00:16:30,070 --> 00:16:28,670 to our instrument and that's the light 446 00:16:32,440 --> 00:16:30,080 that we receive to make these 447 00:16:36,100 --> 00:16:32,450 measurements we actually split that into 448 00:16:38,170 --> 00:16:36,110 a thousand small fractions of a 449 00:16:40,840 --> 00:16:38,180 wavelength of light in three different 450 00:16:43,389 --> 00:16:40,850 bands to see the unique fingerprint of 451 00:16:44,800 --> 00:16:43,399 the absorption of carbon dioxide so we 452 00:16:47,050 --> 00:16:44,810 believe we have an instrument that's 453 00:16:49,420 --> 00:16:47,060 built it includes the technology we need 454 00:16:51,760 --> 00:16:49,430 to make this very precise measurement of 455 00:16:53,980 --> 00:16:51,770 carbon dioxide and there's been a new 456 00:16:55,720 --> 00:16:53,990 interesting discovery researchers have 457 00:16:58,030 --> 00:16:55,730 recently been looking at the unique 458 00:16:59,980 --> 00:16:58,040 fingerprints of light and in a number of 459 00:17:01,810 --> 00:16:59,990 remote sensing measurements including go 460 00:17:04,329 --> 00:17:01,820 sat they've noticed that they see 461 00:17:06,250 --> 00:17:04,339 something we hadn't looked at before and 462 00:17:08,439 --> 00:17:06,260 as Dave mentioned plants are a really 463 00:17:10,480 --> 00:17:08,449 important part of the carbon cycle and 464 00:17:12,939 --> 00:17:10,490 in fact when those plants are doing 465 00:17:14,890 --> 00:17:12,949 photosynthesis they actually give off a 466 00:17:17,140 --> 00:17:14,900 little bit of light they full arrests or 467 00:17:19,030 --> 00:17:17,150 emit light and researchers have now 468 00:17:21,610 --> 00:17:19,040 shown that they can detect this signal 469 00:17:23,290 --> 00:17:21,620 in remote sensing measurements so the 470 00:17:26,860 --> 00:17:23,300 final figure I wanted to show you is a 471 00:17:28,329 --> 00:17:26,870 simulation of the expected signal we 472 00:17:29,980 --> 00:17:28,339 should see from these plants doing 473 00:17:31,750 --> 00:17:29,990 fluorescence or the solar induced 474 00:17:34,870 --> 00:17:31,760 fluorescence this is a map of what Oh 475 00:17:36,700 --> 00:17:34,880 co2 is expected to observe and this will 476 00:17:38,140 --> 00:17:36,710 be really valuable because the carbon 477 00:17:40,360 --> 00:17:38,150 dioxide measurements are the key to 478 00:17:41,919 --> 00:17:40,370 unlocking the sources and sinks but 479 00:17:43,480 --> 00:17:41,929 additional information like the 480 00:17:45,490 --> 00:17:43,490 fluorescence from the plants that are 481 00:17:47,680 --> 00:17:45,500 photosynthesizing gives you another 482 00:17:49,180 --> 00:17:47,690 piece of information to help unlock that 483 00:17:50,380 --> 00:17:49,190 puzzle and 484 00:17:52,960 --> 00:17:50,390 figure out what's happening with the 485 00:17:55,180 --> 00:17:52,970 carbon cycle so I think I speak on the 486 00:17:57,640 --> 00:17:55,190 behalf of the team we're just incredibly 487 00:17:59,350 --> 00:17:57,650 excited about our launch we're glad the 488 00:18:02,380 --> 00:17:59,360 weather's looking good everything's a go 489 00:18:04,210 --> 00:18:02,390 for 256 a.m. on the first and we think 490 00:18:06,190 --> 00:18:04,220 that the oco-2 measurement should have 491 00:18:07,900 --> 00:18:06,200 the precision the coverage and the 492 00:18:09,940 --> 00:18:07,910 resolution that we need to really answer 493 00:18:12,040 --> 00:18:09,950 this important science question about 494 00:18:14,320 --> 00:18:12,050 the sources and sinks across the globe 495 00:18:16,720 --> 00:18:14,330 thanks back to you George thanks Anne 496 00:18:19,870 --> 00:18:16,730 Marie and we're ready now to take 497 00:18:22,480 --> 00:18:19,880 questions and once again that you can't 498 00:18:25,450 --> 00:18:22,490 ask questions on Twitter by going to 499 00:18:27,220 --> 00:18:25,460 pound ask NASA during this briefing in 500 00:18:29,740 --> 00:18:27,230 question and answer session we'll start 501 00:18:32,500 --> 00:18:29,750 here in the room and then we'll take any 502 00:18:35,740 --> 00:18:32,510 Twitter questions Justin Justin right 503 00:18:38,020 --> 00:18:35,750 with the spaceflight now calm for David 504 00:18:41,230 --> 00:18:38,030 crisp you were obviously involved in OC 505 00:18:43,300 --> 00:18:41,240 01 the first go-around what's it like to 506 00:18:45,160 --> 00:18:43,310 be back here five years later it's 507 00:18:47,170 --> 00:18:45,170 absolutely fantastic to get another 508 00:18:48,610 --> 00:18:47,180 opportunity to actually conduct these 509 00:18:50,950 --> 00:18:48,620 incredibly important scientific 510 00:18:58,140 --> 00:18:50,960 measurements it's been a long hard road 511 00:19:00,310 --> 00:18:58,150 but boy I'm glad to be back Janine 512 00:19:04,090 --> 00:19:00,320 considering the past experience how 513 00:19:08,010 --> 00:19:04,100 nervous are you for Tuesday morning are 514 00:19:10,450 --> 00:19:08,020 you lots of stomach medicine actually 515 00:19:13,750 --> 00:19:10,460 we've been we've done everything humanly 516 00:19:16,180 --> 00:19:13,760 possible this time as before to ensure a 517 00:19:17,950 --> 00:19:16,190 safe and successful launch in addition 518 00:19:21,490 --> 00:19:17,960 to that the launch vehicle that we're 519 00:19:23,680 --> 00:19:21,500 riding on this time the Delta 2 is the 520 00:19:26,470 --> 00:19:23,690 most reliable launch vehicle and NASA's 521 00:19:29,800 --> 00:19:26,480 fleet I am honored that anybody would 522 00:19:33,280 --> 00:19:29,810 consider flying such a small science 523 00:19:37,690 --> 00:19:33,290 experiment on such a highly reliable 524 00:19:39,670 --> 00:19:37,700 vehicle so I'm I'm looking forward to 525 00:19:42,340 --> 00:19:39,680 getting past this step as I mentioned 526 00:19:45,820 --> 00:19:42,350 before it's it's been a long run up to 527 00:19:48,310 --> 00:19:45,830 the starting line of this race but we're 528 00:19:50,710 --> 00:19:48,320 ready to start now and so most of us are 529 00:19:52,390 --> 00:19:50,720 looking forward planning ahead we've had 530 00:19:54,130 --> 00:19:52,400 opportunities working with the Japanese 531 00:19:56,320 --> 00:19:54,140 over the last five years on the ghost at 532 00:19:58,030 --> 00:19:56,330 mission you analyzing their data that 533 00:20:00,280 --> 00:19:58,040 have been absolutely fantastic we've 534 00:20:02,590 --> 00:20:00,290 learned so much about what we can learn 535 00:20:04,510 --> 00:20:02,600 about these data 536 00:20:07,210 --> 00:20:04,520 learn about co2 from from space based 537 00:20:09,400 --> 00:20:07,220 data with oco-2 taking about a hundred 538 00:20:12,010 --> 00:20:09,410 times as much data each day as go sat 539 00:20:14,529 --> 00:20:12,020 we're really enthusiastic and looking 540 00:20:16,960 --> 00:20:14,539 forward to the the kinds of things we 541 00:20:18,700 --> 00:20:16,970 might learn from from these data what 542 00:20:21,400 --> 00:20:18,710 kind of weeks were you able to make to 543 00:20:27,760 --> 00:20:21,410 get better data and better take 544 00:20:29,680 --> 00:20:27,770 advantage of the extra time as ralph 545 00:20:32,500 --> 00:20:29,690 said in earlier as Ralph Basilio 546 00:20:36,070 --> 00:20:32,510 mentioned this is truly a carbon copy of 547 00:20:39,700 --> 00:20:36,080 the OC OC o satellite and we basically 548 00:20:42,250 --> 00:20:39,710 used the the plans we had last time 549 00:20:44,830 --> 00:20:42,260 because it was seen as being the fastest 550 00:20:47,220 --> 00:20:44,840 and Lois risks and lowest cost method to 551 00:20:50,020 --> 00:20:47,230 get these critical measurements made so 552 00:20:52,870 --> 00:20:50,030 it turns out that as did mentioned we 553 00:20:54,549 --> 00:20:52,880 also we couldn't use we couldn't find 554 00:20:56,440 --> 00:20:54,559 all the parts we use to build the 555 00:20:58,360 --> 00:20:56,450 original spacecraft some of them are 556 00:20:59,830 --> 00:20:58,370 obsolete it's been almost a decade and a 557 00:21:01,450 --> 00:20:59,840 half since we started this mission and 558 00:21:03,279 --> 00:21:01,460 so we did have to replace some parts 559 00:21:05,890 --> 00:21:03,289 that had become obsolete or otherwise 560 00:21:08,230 --> 00:21:05,900 impossible to get but in replacing those 561 00:21:10,480 --> 00:21:08,240 parts we basically tried to duplicate 562 00:21:12,450 --> 00:21:10,490 the functionality of the original parts 563 00:21:14,799 --> 00:21:12,460 so that we could meet our requirements 564 00:21:17,940 --> 00:21:14,809 the two different systems essentially 565 00:21:23,470 --> 00:21:17,950 try to meet the same set of requirements 566 00:21:26,830 --> 00:21:23,480 ok Justin how follow up for any of the 567 00:21:28,810 --> 00:21:26,840 participants of the mission is two years 568 00:21:32,100 --> 00:21:28,820 for for a nominal mission but how long 569 00:21:35,799 --> 00:21:32,110 do you expect the mission really to last 570 00:21:37,899 --> 00:21:35,809 a lot of this will depend on how long 571 00:21:41,110 --> 00:21:37,909 each single string part of the 572 00:21:44,020 --> 00:21:41,120 instrument actually lasts NASA's history 573 00:21:45,730 --> 00:21:44,030 is these types of missions last a lot 574 00:21:49,510 --> 00:21:45,740 longer than they were planned for and 575 00:21:51,370 --> 00:21:49,520 we're hopeful that that happens there's 576 00:21:52,870 --> 00:21:51,380 the one time constraint is the amount of 577 00:21:57,100 --> 00:21:52,880 fuel that the spacecraft actually 578 00:21:59,320 --> 00:21:57,110 carries it should take us up to a decade 579 00:22:01,570 --> 00:21:59,330 we think that this instrument could stay 580 00:22:03,399 --> 00:22:01,580 up for with that one time constraint all 581 00:22:05,560 --> 00:22:03,409 the other single string components we 582 00:22:07,630 --> 00:22:05,570 don't know but history and with those as 583 00:22:11,410 --> 00:22:07,640 careful as a team has been we hope that 584 00:22:18,530 --> 00:22:15,340 and thank you for very informative 585 00:22:22,210 --> 00:22:18,540 presentation and I am very curious you 586 00:22:26,270 --> 00:22:22,220 touched on the mystery of disappearing 587 00:22:29,150 --> 00:22:26,280 act outside and I am curious do you have 588 00:22:31,250 --> 00:22:29,160 any suspicions where it's disappearing 589 00:22:34,190 --> 00:22:31,260 and will you share with us if you 590 00:22:36,440 --> 00:22:34,200 discover it as you know scientists 591 00:22:37,820 --> 00:22:36,450 usually have a working hypothesis but 592 00:22:40,070 --> 00:22:37,830 what we're trying to do usually is to 593 00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:40,080 break that hypothesis and so I could be 594 00:22:43,790 --> 00:22:41,610 a hundred percent wrong here but here we 595 00:22:45,320 --> 00:22:43,800 go we know that the ocean is taking up 596 00:22:46,820 --> 00:22:45,330 about one-quarter of all the carbon 597 00:22:49,280 --> 00:22:46,830 dioxide that we're emitting at this 598 00:22:50,960 --> 00:22:49,290 point we know that by measuring the pH 599 00:22:53,450 --> 00:22:50,970 or the acidity of the ocean water and 600 00:22:55,220 --> 00:22:53,460 watching it increase over time the rest 601 00:22:57,260 --> 00:22:55,230 must be going into the land somewhere 602 00:22:59,840 --> 00:22:57,270 but we don't know whether it's the 603 00:23:02,690 --> 00:22:59,850 rainforest like the Amazon in the 604 00:23:05,840 --> 00:23:02,700 tropics or mid latitude rainforest like 605 00:23:08,810 --> 00:23:05,850 those in Oregon or forest like those in 606 00:23:10,610 --> 00:23:08,820 very high latitudes the boreal forest it 607 00:23:12,290 --> 00:23:10,620 can be in any of those areas in there 608 00:23:14,570 --> 00:23:12,300 very good theory supporting all three 609 00:23:16,660 --> 00:23:14,580 and about every year scientists put a 610 00:23:19,160 --> 00:23:16,670 paper in science magazine or nature 611 00:23:20,840 --> 00:23:19,170 proving that it's one of those three but 612 00:23:22,310 --> 00:23:20,850 it's different every year we're hoping 613 00:23:24,380 --> 00:23:22,320 to be finally be able to discriminate 614 00:23:27,650 --> 00:23:24,390 between those different possibilities 615 00:23:31,450 --> 00:23:27,660 with oco-2 is wonderful to see a woman 616 00:23:36,500 --> 00:23:31,460 as a part of such an accomplished team 617 00:23:39,440 --> 00:23:36,510 truly a how many women are empowering 618 00:23:40,850 --> 00:23:39,450 this incredible group well that it's 619 00:23:43,549 --> 00:23:40,860 interesting because actually in 620 00:23:45,500 --> 00:23:43,559 atmospheric sciences there's a good 621 00:23:47,900 --> 00:23:45,510 representation of women in those fields 622 00:23:49,460 --> 00:23:47,910 and so we actually have the movie I 623 00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:49,470 showed you is made by one of our female 624 00:23:53,540 --> 00:23:51,210 colleagues over a Goddard and I would 625 00:23:55,460 --> 00:23:53,550 say it's a fair reflection of the 626 00:23:57,020 --> 00:23:55,470 graduation rates and the training that's 627 00:24:00,010 --> 00:23:57,030 happening these days so it's a nice 628 00:24:03,710 --> 00:24:00,020 environment for me to work and I like it 629 00:24:06,169 --> 00:24:03,720 Steve erect questions on Twitter yeah 630 00:24:08,150 --> 00:24:06,179 several some social media George first 631 00:24:14,109 --> 00:24:08,160 one how long will it take for oco-2 to 632 00:24:16,899 --> 00:24:14,119 observe the entire planet 16 days 633 00:24:18,779 --> 00:24:16,909 we don't cover the entire planet Oh co2 634 00:24:23,019 --> 00:24:18,789 makes measurements along a narrow 635 00:24:25,269 --> 00:24:23,029 measurement track that's that and and it 636 00:24:28,179 --> 00:24:25,279 basically circles the earth every every 637 00:24:30,939 --> 00:24:28,189 hundred minutes or 98.9 minutes and so 638 00:24:34,539 --> 00:24:30,949 we never actually map up the entire 639 00:24:37,359 --> 00:24:34,549 planet but we do retreat repeated our 640 00:24:39,309 --> 00:24:37,369 track about every 16 days and the 641 00:24:42,249 --> 00:24:39,319 largest distance between the tracks at 642 00:24:45,489 --> 00:24:42,259 the equator is about 152 kilometers are 643 00:24:47,079 --> 00:24:45,499 about 100 miles and each track is about 644 00:24:50,289 --> 00:24:47,089 10 miles wide at the moment our seven 645 00:24:52,299 --> 00:24:50,299 miles wide at the most so we it takes us 646 00:24:57,969 --> 00:24:52,309 we cover seven percent of the earth 647 00:24:59,949 --> 00:24:57,979 every repeat cycle every 16 days okay 648 00:25:01,089 --> 00:24:59,959 the next question the oco-2 mission I 649 00:25:03,849 --> 00:25:01,099 understand will be used to identify 650 00:25:06,579 --> 00:25:03,859 where on earth co2 is being absorbed 651 00:25:09,249 --> 00:25:06,589 from the atmosphere the carbon sinks how 652 00:25:11,679 --> 00:25:09,259 willow co2 data help figure out whether 653 00:25:20,249 --> 00:25:11,689 these sinks will continue acting as 654 00:25:22,389 --> 00:25:20,259 sinks into the future thanks Dave so one 655 00:25:24,459 --> 00:25:22,399 important thing to realize is that the 656 00:25:25,959 --> 00:25:24,469 measurements we make don't alone answer 657 00:25:27,819 --> 00:25:25,969 this question but we actually work with 658 00:25:29,949 --> 00:25:27,829 the science community in groups of 659 00:25:31,839 --> 00:25:29,959 people of science of modelers you have 660 00:25:34,479 --> 00:25:31,849 representation of all these processes 661 00:25:36,279 --> 00:25:34,489 around the globe and our thinking is 662 00:25:38,379 --> 00:25:36,289 that when we have this observational 663 00:25:40,419 --> 00:25:38,389 data they work with their global models 664 00:25:43,419 --> 00:25:40,429 they can basically test their hypotheses 665 00:25:45,579 --> 00:25:43,429 about what's driving the change over 666 00:25:47,379 --> 00:25:45,589 time and over space so the more we 667 00:25:49,989 --> 00:25:47,389 understand what the key drivers is 668 00:25:52,109 --> 00:25:49,999 perhaps its water availability perhaps 669 00:25:54,369 --> 00:25:52,119 its sunlight perhaps its other 670 00:25:55,749 --> 00:25:54,379 constraints then we can improve the way 671 00:25:57,249 --> 00:25:55,759 they represent those models and 672 00:25:59,499 --> 00:25:57,259 therefore improve the predictions of the 673 00:26:02,289 --> 00:25:59,509 future so it's a multi-step process to 674 00:26:05,859 --> 00:26:02,299 get to those predictions but we can see 675 00:26:08,169 --> 00:26:05,869 the path there okay next question how 676 00:26:11,229 --> 00:26:08,179 will L co2 data be used by environmental 677 00:26:13,239 --> 00:26:11,239 scientist to tackle pollution the 678 00:26:18,179 --> 00:26:13,249 pollution caused by emissions of 679 00:26:24,309 --> 00:26:20,979 what we will be able to see with the 680 00:26:25,100 --> 00:26:24,319 oco-2 data are areas of the globe where 681 00:26:27,650 --> 00:26:25,110 there are 682 00:26:30,020 --> 00:26:27,660 more elevated levels relative to areas 683 00:26:31,730 --> 00:26:30,030 nearby so that's one way that people 684 00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:31,740 will be able to use these data to try to 685 00:26:37,220 --> 00:26:35,010 understand pollution sources but we also 686 00:26:38,720 --> 00:26:37,230 have a number of other observations that 687 00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:38,730 tell us about what's going on with 688 00:26:42,020 --> 00:26:40,170 pollution as well and there's different 689 00:26:43,610 --> 00:26:42,030 types of pollution in the atmosphere and 690 00:26:46,220 --> 00:26:43,620 the outcome from different types of 691 00:26:48,410 --> 00:26:46,230 sources so by scientists by taking these 692 00:26:50,419 --> 00:26:48,420 combined sets of data they'll be able to 693 00:26:51,740 --> 00:26:50,429 get a much better picture of the of 694 00:26:55,270 --> 00:26:51,750 what's going on with the emission 695 00:26:58,280 --> 00:26:55,280 sources that lead to pollution a 696 00:27:01,460 --> 00:26:58,290 question from ustream will NASA use 697 00:27:03,710 --> 00:27:01,470 oco-2 data to generate images of global 698 00:27:10,010 --> 00:27:03,720 co2 concentrations that will be released 699 00:27:13,610 --> 00:27:10,020 to the public we have a group we were 700 00:27:15,740 --> 00:27:13,620 working with in a simple website co2 JPL 701 00:27:17,690 --> 00:27:15,750 nasa gov where we'll be sharing this 702 00:27:20,539 --> 00:27:17,700 information and one of the plans is to 703 00:27:22,669 --> 00:27:20,549 make images as they asked of the monthly 704 00:27:24,500 --> 00:27:22,679 concentrations of carbon dioxide but as 705 00:27:26,090 --> 00:27:24,510 Dave mentioned we don't see every 706 00:27:29,060 --> 00:27:26,100 location on the earth so there will be 707 00:27:30,560 --> 00:27:29,070 some interpolation or averaging that we 708 00:27:33,950 --> 00:27:30,570 have to do to make these maps but you 709 00:27:36,610 --> 00:27:33,960 should find those up on our website say 710 00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:36,620 2015 when the data is ready to go 711 00:27:40,880 --> 00:27:39,210 another question from ustream what 712 00:27:45,530 --> 00:27:40,890 causes levels of co2 in the atmosphere 713 00:27:48,560 --> 00:27:45,540 to rise and fall I'll take that that was 714 00:27:51,380 --> 00:27:48,570 the number of a number of different 715 00:27:54,830 --> 00:27:51,390 processes cause co2 to rise and fall in 716 00:27:58,130 --> 00:27:54,840 the atmosphere plants taking c 0 to n 717 00:27:59,960 --> 00:27:58,140 and then decaying will cause will take 718 00:28:02,390 --> 00:27:59,970 up co2 and then we release it to the 719 00:28:04,190 --> 00:28:02,400 atmosphere the ocean as you as you 720 00:28:05,990 --> 00:28:04,200 increase the atmospheric co2 721 00:28:07,520 --> 00:28:06,000 concentration carbon dioxide 722 00:28:10,310 --> 00:28:07,530 concentrations the oceans actually 723 00:28:11,720 --> 00:28:10,320 absorb more as long as they're cold as 724 00:28:13,549 --> 00:28:11,730 you know you take your your bottle of 725 00:28:15,409 --> 00:28:13,559 soda out of the frizz refrigerator and 726 00:28:18,140 --> 00:28:15,419 it's nice and fizzy that's carbon 727 00:28:20,030 --> 00:28:18,150 dioxide in the soda that bet your you're 728 00:28:21,890 --> 00:28:20,040 tasting if you leave it out on the table 729 00:28:23,810 --> 00:28:21,900 for a little while and the soda warms up 730 00:28:26,060 --> 00:28:23,820 all the carbon dioxide goes away and all 731 00:28:28,430 --> 00:28:26,070 the fizz goes away the soda becomes flat 732 00:28:31,520 --> 00:28:28,440 we're concerned that as over time the 733 00:28:33,500 --> 00:28:31,530 ocean as it warms up due to climate 734 00:28:36,260 --> 00:28:33,510 change will actually hold less carbon 735 00:28:38,450 --> 00:28:36,270 dioxide than it's holding today and that 736 00:28:38,940 --> 00:28:38,460 might be a big change so these are some 737 00:28:42,299 --> 00:28:38,950 of the car 738 00:28:46,379 --> 00:28:42,309 of things of course any time you light a 739 00:28:47,700 --> 00:28:46,389 fire start a car or even exhale you emit 740 00:28:49,259 --> 00:28:47,710 a little bit of co2 into the atmosphere 741 00:28:51,590 --> 00:28:49,269 as well so there are a number of 742 00:28:53,940 --> 00:28:51,600 processes that cause these things 743 00:28:55,950 --> 00:28:53,950 another question from ustream how soon 744 00:28:58,350 --> 00:28:55,960 will you get definitive results about 745 00:29:04,620 --> 00:28:58,360 this issue of where the carbon is going 746 00:29:09,710 --> 00:29:04,630 where the sources are this is a science 747 00:29:12,389 --> 00:29:09,720 experiment even within the first year of 748 00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:12,399 operations we're hoping to learn a 749 00:29:17,759 --> 00:29:15,130 tremendous amount about where the carbon 750 00:29:20,580 --> 00:29:17,769 dioxide is is coming from and where it 751 00:29:22,769 --> 00:29:20,590 is being absorbed but I don't think that 752 00:29:25,049 --> 00:29:22,779 will be definitive and I don't think it 753 00:29:26,700 --> 00:29:25,059 will be the final answer I think there 754 00:29:28,769 --> 00:29:26,710 will be a number of experiments and 755 00:29:30,990 --> 00:29:28,779 efforts that will have to be conducted 756 00:29:32,399 --> 00:29:31,000 into the future to study this further 757 00:29:34,440 --> 00:29:32,409 but I think will make a tremendous 758 00:29:36,539 --> 00:29:34,450 contribution to our understanding of 759 00:29:39,389 --> 00:29:36,549 these sources of carbon dioxide and 760 00:29:45,659 --> 00:29:39,399 these natural processes that absorb it 761 00:29:48,480 --> 00:29:45,669 even within a year time delay from data 762 00:29:51,539 --> 00:29:48,490 being captured by oco-2 to its 763 00:29:55,110 --> 00:29:51,549 availability for scientists and public 764 00:29:56,700 --> 00:29:55,120 to see so there there's kind of two 765 00:29:58,830 --> 00:29:56,710 answers that question there's the 766 00:30:00,690 --> 00:29:58,840 initial availability of the data so as 767 00:30:03,509 --> 00:30:00,700 Dave mentioned we have to take a number 768 00:30:05,610 --> 00:30:03,519 of steps to make sure it's of sufficient 769 00:30:08,070 --> 00:30:05,620 quality perform our calibration 770 00:30:09,990 --> 00:30:08,080 activities test out and compare against 771 00:30:12,389 --> 00:30:10,000 the ground site so that's the steps that 772 00:30:14,820 --> 00:30:12,399 will take us till early 2015 for the 773 00:30:16,470 --> 00:30:14,830 first release of data once things are 774 00:30:18,659 --> 00:30:16,480 flowing it's actually only going to be a 775 00:30:20,340 --> 00:30:18,669 probably a few days to a couple of weeks 776 00:30:22,470 --> 00:30:20,350 delay between a measurement and the 777 00:30:28,710 --> 00:30:22,480 posting of the data to the public data 778 00:30:29,940 --> 00:30:28,720 release okay I think that's all the 779 00:30:31,889 --> 00:30:29,950 questions I have at the moment or the 780 00:30:36,629 --> 00:30:31,899 other media question i'll write any 781 00:30:39,659 --> 00:30:36,639 follow-ups here in the room all right in 782 00:30:43,259 --> 00:30:39,669 that event of a couple of programming 783 00:30:47,269 --> 00:30:43,269 notes tomorrow monday morning there will 784 00:30:49,919 --> 00:30:47,279 be a social activity social media that 785 00:30:52,530 --> 00:30:49,929 everyone is invited to watch on NASA 786 00:30:55,050 --> 00:30:52,540 television and participate in 787 00:30:57,300 --> 00:30:55,060 it will be a discussion about the 788 00:30:58,860 --> 00:30:57,310 mission and the launch and what it takes 789 00:31:01,230 --> 00:30:58,870 to launch here at Vandenberg Air Force 790 00:31:02,700 --> 00:31:01,240 Base in California it'll be a very 791 00:31:04,950 --> 00:31:02,710 interesting hour and a half and you're 792 00:31:08,270 --> 00:31:04,960 invited to tune in to that on nasa TV 793 00:31:11,580 --> 00:31:08,280 starting at nine thirty pacific time and 794 00:31:13,770 --> 00:31:11,590 oco-2 is is the second of five nasa 795 00:31:17,130 --> 00:31:13,780 earth science missions that are 796 00:31:19,800 --> 00:31:17,140 scheduled for 2014 more earth-observing 797 00:31:22,560 --> 00:31:19,810 launches that we've we've had in more 798 00:31:25,230 --> 00:31:22,570 than a decade so to find out more about 799 00:31:29,460 --> 00:31:25,240 this busy year in NASA study of our home 800 00:31:35,100 --> 00:31:29,470 planet you can go online and visit w WN 801 00:31:37,230 --> 00:31:35,110 haces gov / earth right now and that 802 00:31:39,360 --> 00:31:37,240 will look include our coverage our nasa 803 00:31:43,560 --> 00:31:39,370 TV coverage of the countdown will begin